Sensors And Transducers By D. Patranabis Pdf 14 ^NEW^
Sensors And Transducers By D. Patranabis Pdf 14
amperometric sensors are similar in principle to conductometric sensors; however, the difference is that they can be applied to electrochemical processes. an example of an electrochemical sensor is a potentiostat, which is basically a galvanostat. in the galvanostat, a current is applied to a working electrode, which is held at a constant potential (potential difference) while the other electrode is held at ground. the current flowing through the cell is measured, which is proportional to the electrochemical reaction rate. in an amperometric sensor, the current is measured while the potential difference is varied. the potential difference is used to cause a reaction at the working electrode, and the current is measured. the rate of current flow is directly related to the rate of the electrochemical reaction at the working electrode. this technique is used in a number of different applications, including the sensing of glucose in blood.
electrochemical sensors and transducers can be further classified by the type of working electrode used. a working electrode can be a metal electrode, a metal-insulator-metal (mim) electrode, or an insulator electrode. an electrochemical sensor is not practical if the working electrode is a metal. a metal is an excellent conductor of electricity, which makes it difficult to use the electrode to detect the current. therefore, a metal cannot be used as a working electrode. the working electrode should be an insulator, such as a semiconductor, or a material that is easily oxidized or reduced. the second type of electrode is the metal-insulator-metal (mim) electrode. the mim electrode is a bridge formed by two metal electrodes and an insulator in between them. the insulator must be transparent and must be able to withstand harsh conditions, such as high temperatures. the mim electrode is often made of a thin film of a transparent metal such as indium tin oxide (ito), which has excellent electrochemical properties. some form of a conductive material, such as indium, is placed between the metal electrodes and the insulator. this intermediate layer is called the insulator. the other type of working electrode is a semiconductor electrode, which is typically a p-n junction.
the technologies discussed in this book can be used to produce a wide range of smart sensors. this book focuses on the development of smart gas and flame sensors. this is an important area of research because the number of sensor systems that have been developed to date is relatively small. in addition, most of these systems have been developed by a small number of researchers working in a small number of labs. these technologies have the potential to make a significant impact on the way that we sense the environment. this book will present a selection of these technologies, including flame sensors, conductometric sensors, co, no, and nh sensors, including the fundamentals of the sensor technologies and the application development challenges.
the high-frequency flame sensors discussed in this book are capable of operating at high temperature (up to 2200°c) and high pressure. the operating principles of these sensors are similar to those of laser-based pyrometry. however, the sensor in this case is based on light scattering.
another key category of sensors are those that detect changes in the natural environment. temperature and humidity sensors can be used in many applications, including moisture detection in air and liquid (humidity) and temperature measurements. humidity sensors can be used to indicate the presence of moisture in a room, such as in a bathroom or kitchen, and are often used to detect moisture-related problems, such as excessive dampness or condensation. in many cases, humidity sensing is coupled with temperature sensing to indicate relative humidity. humidity sensors are typically based on the principle of a hygroscopic material. in a moisture-absorbent material, water molecules (or water vapour) are absorbed from an external environment by the material. this causes the material to expand, resulting in a change in its physical dimensions. this change in dimensions is related to the quantity of water molecules absorbed. humidity sensors utilize this property, where a change in resistance or capacitance is measured when water molecules are absorbed. humidity sensors have a very long history, and in the case of capacitive sensors, were reported in chinese writings as early as 220 bc (perkins, 2013). a type of capacitive humidity sensor is called a hydro-capacitor, which is usually based on a glass bead or polymer film that changes dimension in response to the humidity content of the air or liquid to which it is exposed. hydro-capacitors may be made from materials such as polymers, cellulose, diatomaceous earth, and quartz (wu, 2013).
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